World War Two

World War Two was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers,organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the mobilisation of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history. In a state of "total war", the major participants placed their complete economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Over seventy million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history. The start of the war is generally held to be in September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland and subsequent declarations of war on Nazi Germany by most of the countries in the British Commonwealth and France. In an effort to maintain international peace, the Allies formed the United Nations, which officially came into existence on October 24, 1945.

Shampoo History

Shampoo Shampoo originally meant head massage in several North Indian languages. Both the word and the concept were introduced to Britain from colonial India. The word shampoo in English is derived from Hindi chāmpo. In India the term chAmpo was used for head massage, usually with some form of hair oil. The term and service was introduced in Britain by a Bengali entrepreneur Sake Dean Mahomed in 1814, when Dean, together with his Irish wife, opened a shampooing bath known as 'Mahomed's Indian Vapour Baths' in Brighton, England. His baths were like Turkish baths where clients received an Indian treatment of champi (shampooing) or therapeutic massage. His service was appreciated; he received the high accolade of being appointed ‘Shampooing Surgeon’ to both George IV and William IV.In the 1900s, the meaning of the word shifted from the sense of massage to that of applying soap to the hair. Earlier, regular soap had been used for washing hair[4]. However, the dull film soap left on the hair made it uncomfortable, irritating, and unhealthy looking.
During the early stages of shampoo, English hair stylists boiled shaved soap in water and added herbs to give the hair shine and fragrance. Kasey Hebert was the first known maker of shampoo, and the origin is currently attributed to him.
Originally, soap and shampoo were very similar products; both containing surfactants, a type of detergent. Modern shampoo as it is known today was first introduced in the 1930s with Drene, the first synthetic (non-soap) shampoo

Historical Significance of Industrial Technology

Historical Significance of Industrial Technology on the No. 123 Steam Locomotive designated the Japanese Natural Important Cultural Properties. An English-made No. 123 old steam engine was designated the Japanese Natural Important Cultural Properties in June 2005. This old steam engine that was made in 1873 at the Robert Stephenson & Co., Newcastle upon Tyne is now preserving at the Kaya Steam Locomotive Plaza, in the Kyoto Prefecture. It is the oldest and famous locomotive builder in the world. In 1843, this famous builder invented well-known "Stephenson type valve gear system" and this system contributed to the modern other valve gear design method. This No. 123 steam engine was mainly used in the Kyoto-Kobe railway transportation business of the I.G.R.J., in those days of the Meiji Era. In this report, a short history of the No. 123 steam engine and its historical significance of industrial technology are described.

Thomson

Sir Joseph John “J.J.” Thomson was a British physicist and Nobel laureate, credited for the discovery of the electron and of isotopes, and the invention of the mass spectrometer. He was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the electron and his work on the conduction of electricity in gases.

Chernobyl

The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear reactor accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union. It is considered to be the worst nuclear power plant disaster in history and the only level 7 instance on the International Nuclear Event Scale. It resulted in a severe release of radioactivity into the environment following a massive power excursion which destroyed the reactor. Two people died in the initial steam explosion, but most deaths from the accident were attributed to radiation. The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry, slowing its expansion for a number of years, while forcing the Soviet government to become less secretive.

HISTORICAL SCIENCCE

HISTORICAL SCIENCCE
On June 3rd -14th 1992, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, held the United Nations Conference for Environment and Development. One of the most important issues was the need of using integrated criteria for the exploitation, distribution and use of freshwater resources in the planet in order to protect their quality and secure their supply. This issue is known as Chapter 18 of Agenda 21. Participants to the meeting agreed to propose the United Nations to consider the possibility of establishing a World Water Day so that all countries worldwide carried out activities to promote water user education as regards water use, saving and conservation. That very year, the United Nations General Assembly designated March 22nd as WORLD WATER DAY. This day is celebrated in Cuba since 1993.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE of Physical Research and Radiation Therapy using Radium and Its Decay Products.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE of Physical Research and Radiation Therapy using Radium and Its Decay Products.
Almost immediately after the discovery of radium by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, it was used to treat cancer by placing it near or in a tumor, and also it was observed that radium and its decay products emit .ALPHA., ..BETA. and .GAMMA. rays. Using these radiations, physical researches have been performed to discover many new phenomena. As concerns radium .GAMMA. rays, brachytherapy and telecurietherapy have been developed as treatment methods of cancer. Brachytherapy includes surface mould, interstitial and intracavitary therapy, and by these methods, exellent treatment results for cancers of the uterine cervix, tongue and larynx were obtained. In this report, historical significances of physical research and radiation therapy using radium and its decay products are considered. (author abst.)

HISSTORICCAL SIGNIFICANTS-Dinosaur National Monument

Dinosaur National Monument is Echo Park, named by John Wesley Powell in 1869 during his first scientific expedition into the Colorado Plateau. It is here that the Yampa River, the last free flowing river in the Colorado River System, joins the Green River. This is home and critical habitat for the endangered peregrine falcon, bald eagle, Colorado pikeminnow, and razorback sucker. Indian rock art in Echo Park testifies to the allure these canyons and rivers had for prehistoric people. In 1825, William H. Ashley and his fur trappers were the first Europeans to enter Echo Park. In 1883, Patrick Lynch, a hermit, was the first to homestead in this canyon.

Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights Movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring approximately between 1960 to 1980. It was accompanied by much civil unrest and popular rebellion. The process was long and tenuous in many countries, and most of these movements did not achieve or fully achieve their objectives. In its later years, the Civil Rights Movement took a sharp turn to the radical left in many cases.

Percy Lavon Julian

Percy Lavon Julian was an African American research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine; and was an African American pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones, steroids, progesterone, and testosterone, from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. His work would lay the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production of cortisone, other corticosteroids, and birth control pills. He later started his own company to synthesize steroid intermediates from the Mexican wild yam. His work helped reduce the cost of steroid intermediates to large multinational pharmaceutical companies. During his lifetime he received more than 130 chemical patents. Julian was one of the first African Americans to receive a doctorate in chemistry. He was the first African-American chemist inducted into the National Academy of Sciences, and the second African-American scientist inducted from any field.

First Atomic Bomb Drop

First Atomic Bomb Drop The United States dropped the World's First atomic bomb in the year 1945. The United States dropped one of two bombs in Japan in order to end World War II. Then on August 14, 1945, the Japanese surrendered. Later on September 2, 1945, if I'm correct, the Japanese signed a formal surrender.

Sir James Chadwick

Sir James Chadwick was an English physicist and Nobel laureate in physics awarded for his discovery of the neutron. In 1932, Chadwick made a fundamental discovery in the domain of nuclear science: he discovered the particle in the nucleus of an atom that became known as the neutron because it has no electric charge. In contrast with the helium nuclei (alpha particles) which are positively charged, and therefore repelled by the considerable electrical forces present in the nuclei of heavy atoms, this new tool in atomic disintegration need not overcome any Coulomb barrier and is capable of penetrating and splitting the nuclei of even the heaviest elements. In this way, Chadwick prepared the way towards the fission of uranium 235. For this important discovery he was awarded the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society in 1932, and subsequently the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935. Chadwick’s discovery made it possible to create elements heavier than uranium in the laboratory. His discovery particularly inspired Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist and Nobel laureate, to discover nuclear reactions brought by slowed neutrons, and led Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, German radiochemists in Berlin, to the revolutionary discovery of “nuclear fission”.

Pauling

The development of an accurate electronegativity scale was one of Linus Pauling’s many major contributions to the study of chemistry. In this two part series, we’ll first look at the electronegativity research that preceded Pauling’s breakthrough, before analyzing the details of the scale that Pauling ultimately derived. The electronegativity scale we use today was formalized by Linus Pauling, and was first published in 1932. However, the idea of electronegativity existing between atoms was established well before Pauling, dating back to the early 1800s.

Henry Moseley

Henry Moseley is a British chemist. He studied under Rutherford and brilliantly developed the application of X-ray spectra to study atomic structure; Moseley's discoveries resulted in a more accurate positioning of elements in the Periodic Table by closer determination of atomic numbers. Tragically for the development of science, Moseley was killed in action at Gallipoli in 1915.
In 1913, almost fifty years after Mendeleev, Henry Moseley published the results of his measurements of the wavelengths of the X-ray spectral lines of a number of elements which showed that the ordering of the wavelengths of the X-ray emissions of the elements coincided with the ordering of the elements by atomic number. With the discovery of isotopes of the elements, it became apparent that atomic weight was not the significant player in the periodic law as Mendeleev, Meyers and others had proposed, but rather, the properties of the elements varied periodically with atomic number.
When atoms were arranged according to increasing atomic number, the few problems with Mendeleev's periodic table had disappeared. Because of Moseley's work, the modern periodic table is based on the atomic numbers of the elements.

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass–energy equivalence, expressed by the equation E = mc2. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect." In the 1920s, quantum mechanics developed into a more complete theory. Einstein was unhappy with the "Copenhagen interpretation" of quantum theory developed by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg, wherein quantum phenomena are inherently probabilistic, with definite states resulting only upon interaction with classical systems.

John Dalton

John Dalton was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness.Dalton published several papers on similar topics, that on the absorption of gases by water and other liquids (1803), containing his law of partial pressures now known as Dalton's law. The most important of all Dalton's investigations are those concerned with the atomic theory in chemistry, with which his name is inseparably associated. It has been proposed that this theory was suggested to him either by researches on ethylene (olefiant gas) and methane (carburetted hydrogen) or by analysis of nitrous oxide (protoxide of azote) and nitrogen dioxide (deutoxide of azote), both views resting on the authority of Thomas Thomson. However, a study of Dalton's own laboratory notebooks, discovered in the rooms of the Lit & Phil,[2] concluded that so far from Dalton being led by his search for an explanation of the law of multiple proportions to the idea that chemical combination consists in the interaction of atoms of definite and characteristic weight, the idea of atoms arose in his mind as a purely physical concept, forced upon him by study of the physical properties of the atmosphere and other gases.

Heisenberg

Heisenberg is a German phyisicist. One of the founders of the quantum theory, he is best known for his uncertainty principle, or indeterminacy principle, which states that it is impossible to determine with arbitrarily high accuracy both the position and momentum (essentially velocity) of a subatomic particle like the electron. The effect of this principle is to convert the laws of physics into statements about relative probabilities instead of absolute certainties. In 1926, Heisenberg developed a form of the quantum theory known as matrix mechanics, which was quickly shown to be fully equivalent to Erwin Schrödinger's wave mechanics.

Fermi

Fermi was an american physicist. He contributed to the early theory of beta decay and the neutrino and to quantum statistics. For his experiments with neutrons he was awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics. He created the first self-sustaining chain reaction in uranium at Chicago in 1942 and worked on the atomic bomb at Los Alamos. Later he contributed to the development of the hydrogen bomb and served on the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, which named him to receive its first special award ($25,000) shortly before his death. Fermi was outstanding as an experimenter, theorist, and teacher.

Millikan

Robert Millikan is an american physicist and educator. He was awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physics for his measurement of the charge on the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect. He also made important studies of cosmic rays (which he named), X rays, and physical and electric constants and wrote and lectured on the reconciliation of science and religion.

Schodinger

Schodinger is an Austrian theoretical physicist. He is known for his mathematical development of wave mechanics (1926), a form of quantum mechanics (see quantum theory), and his formulation of the wave equation that bears his name. The Schrödinger equation is the most widely used mathematical tool of the modern quantum theory. For this work he shared the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Goldstein

Joseph Goldstein is an american molecular geneticist. He researched cholesterol metabolism and discovered that human cells have low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors that extract cholesterol from the bloodstream. The lack of sufficient LDL receptors is a major cause of cholesterol-related diseases. In 1985, Goldstein and Brown were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.