World War Two

World War Two was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers,organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the mobilisation of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history. In a state of "total war", the major participants placed their complete economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Over seventy million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history. The start of the war is generally held to be in September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland and subsequent declarations of war on Nazi Germany by most of the countries in the British Commonwealth and France. In an effort to maintain international peace, the Allies formed the United Nations, which officially came into existence on October 24, 1945.

Shampoo History

Shampoo Shampoo originally meant head massage in several North Indian languages. Both the word and the concept were introduced to Britain from colonial India. The word shampoo in English is derived from Hindi chāmpo. In India the term chAmpo was used for head massage, usually with some form of hair oil. The term and service was introduced in Britain by a Bengali entrepreneur Sake Dean Mahomed in 1814, when Dean, together with his Irish wife, opened a shampooing bath known as 'Mahomed's Indian Vapour Baths' in Brighton, England. His baths were like Turkish baths where clients received an Indian treatment of champi (shampooing) or therapeutic massage. His service was appreciated; he received the high accolade of being appointed ‘Shampooing Surgeon’ to both George IV and William IV.In the 1900s, the meaning of the word shifted from the sense of massage to that of applying soap to the hair. Earlier, regular soap had been used for washing hair[4]. However, the dull film soap left on the hair made it uncomfortable, irritating, and unhealthy looking.
During the early stages of shampoo, English hair stylists boiled shaved soap in water and added herbs to give the hair shine and fragrance. Kasey Hebert was the first known maker of shampoo, and the origin is currently attributed to him.
Originally, soap and shampoo were very similar products; both containing surfactants, a type of detergent. Modern shampoo as it is known today was first introduced in the 1930s with Drene, the first synthetic (non-soap) shampoo

Historical Significance of Industrial Technology

Historical Significance of Industrial Technology on the No. 123 Steam Locomotive designated the Japanese Natural Important Cultural Properties. An English-made No. 123 old steam engine was designated the Japanese Natural Important Cultural Properties in June 2005. This old steam engine that was made in 1873 at the Robert Stephenson & Co., Newcastle upon Tyne is now preserving at the Kaya Steam Locomotive Plaza, in the Kyoto Prefecture. It is the oldest and famous locomotive builder in the world. In 1843, this famous builder invented well-known "Stephenson type valve gear system" and this system contributed to the modern other valve gear design method. This No. 123 steam engine was mainly used in the Kyoto-Kobe railway transportation business of the I.G.R.J., in those days of the Meiji Era. In this report, a short history of the No. 123 steam engine and its historical significance of industrial technology are described.

Thomson

Sir Joseph John “J.J.” Thomson was a British physicist and Nobel laureate, credited for the discovery of the electron and of isotopes, and the invention of the mass spectrometer. He was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the electron and his work on the conduction of electricity in gases.

Chernobyl

The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear reactor accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union. It is considered to be the worst nuclear power plant disaster in history and the only level 7 instance on the International Nuclear Event Scale. It resulted in a severe release of radioactivity into the environment following a massive power excursion which destroyed the reactor. Two people died in the initial steam explosion, but most deaths from the accident were attributed to radiation. The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry, slowing its expansion for a number of years, while forcing the Soviet government to become less secretive.

HISTORICAL SCIENCCE

HISTORICAL SCIENCCE
On June 3rd -14th 1992, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, held the United Nations Conference for Environment and Development. One of the most important issues was the need of using integrated criteria for the exploitation, distribution and use of freshwater resources in the planet in order to protect their quality and secure their supply. This issue is known as Chapter 18 of Agenda 21. Participants to the meeting agreed to propose the United Nations to consider the possibility of establishing a World Water Day so that all countries worldwide carried out activities to promote water user education as regards water use, saving and conservation. That very year, the United Nations General Assembly designated March 22nd as WORLD WATER DAY. This day is celebrated in Cuba since 1993.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE of Physical Research and Radiation Therapy using Radium and Its Decay Products.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE of Physical Research and Radiation Therapy using Radium and Its Decay Products.
Almost immediately after the discovery of radium by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, it was used to treat cancer by placing it near or in a tumor, and also it was observed that radium and its decay products emit .ALPHA., ..BETA. and .GAMMA. rays. Using these radiations, physical researches have been performed to discover many new phenomena. As concerns radium .GAMMA. rays, brachytherapy and telecurietherapy have been developed as treatment methods of cancer. Brachytherapy includes surface mould, interstitial and intracavitary therapy, and by these methods, exellent treatment results for cancers of the uterine cervix, tongue and larynx were obtained. In this report, historical significances of physical research and radiation therapy using radium and its decay products are considered. (author abst.)